Transcript

Global climate change is undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges we face in the 21st century. Achieving global carbon neutrality, or “net zero,” will require a major energy transition – one that’s far easier said than done. What inventive new technologies will be needed to facilitate energy transition? Today, we’re learning how global institutions can help to enable urgent, climate-focused adaptations – sooner, rather than later. In this episode, we chat with Dr. Ed Morse, Citi’s Global Head of Commodity Research, and Amy Jaffe, Managing Director of the Climate Policy Lab at Tufts University, to learn about the intersection of climate science, policy, and finance, and how those guiding the energy transition are designing systems that put wellbeing first, for people and the planet. Related Report: Citi GPS: Energy Transition - Gaining Momentum on the Path to Net Zero The views expressed herein are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of Citigroup Global Markets Inc. or its affiliates. All opinions are subject to change without notice. Neither the information provided nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. The expressions of opinion are not intended to be a forecast of future events or a guarantee of future results. Citibank N.A. and Amy Jaffe are not affiliated and are independent to each other. The speakers views are their own and may not necessarily reflect the views of Citi or any of its affiliates.

Global climate change is undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges we face in the 21st century. Achieving global carbon neutrality, or &ldquo;net zero,&rdquo; will require a major energy transition &ndash; one that&rsquo;s far easier said than done. What inventive new technologies will be needed to facilitate energy transition? Today, we&rsquo;re learning how global institutions can help to enable urgent, climate-focused adaptations &ndash; sooner, rather than later.
In this episode, we chat with Dr. Ed Morse, Citi&rsquo;s Global Head of Commodity Research, and Amy Jaffe, Managing Director of the Climate Policy Lab at Tufts University, to learn about the intersection of climate science, policy, and finance, and how those guiding the energy transition are designing systems that put wellbeing first, for people and the planet.
Related Report: <a href="https://www.citigroup.com/global/insights/citigps/energy-transition" data-link-source="tiny">Citi GPS: Energy Transition - Gaining Momentum on the Path to Net Zero </a>
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The views expressed herein are those of the speakers and&nbsp;do not&nbsp;necessarily reflect the&nbsp;views of Citigroup Global Markets Inc. or its affiliates. All opinions are subject to change&nbsp;without notice. Neither the information&nbsp;provided&nbsp;nor any opinion expressed constitutes&nbsp;a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. The expressions of opinion&nbsp;are not&nbsp;intended to be a forecast of future events or a guarantee of future results.
Citibank N.A. and Amy Jaffe are not affiliated and are independent to each other. The speakers views are their own and may not necessarily reflect the views of Citi or any of its affiliates.

Bio: Amy Jaffe, Research Professor and Managing Director of the Climate Policy Lab, Tufts University Amy Myers Jaffe is a leading expert on the geopolitics of oil and gas and energy security and is an influential thought leader on global energy policy and sustainability. Jaffe is managing director of the Climate Policy Lab and research professor at Tufts University Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Previously, she was director of the program on energy Security and Climate Change for the Council on Foreign Relations, and served as chair of the Future of Oil & Gas at the World Economic Forum. 
A frequent keynote speaker at major energy industry and investment conferences and board of directors meetings, Jaffe is a widely quoted commentator on energy and the environment in international media who has provided testimony on Capital Hill. Jaffe appears regularly on a variety of television and print media, including CNN, PBS New Hour, FOX, Al-Jazeera TV, MSNBC, National Public Radio, the Wall Street Journal and the Financial Times of London. Her writings have been featured by the New York Times, Dow Jones International, and Petroleum Intelligence Weekly. She has a regular blog at the Houston Chronicle and is a contributor on energy and climate change to the Wall Street Journal's blog The Experts.
Jaffe is a member of the National Petroleum Council and serves as an advisory board member of GE Ecoimagination and as a technical committee member on shale gas for the Union of Concerned Scientists. A contributor to Foreign Policy magazine's "21 Solutions to Save the World" and recipient of the Award for Excellence in Energy Writing by the International Association for Energy Economics, Jaffe was named to Esquire's annual 100 Best and Brightest and Elle Magazine's Women for the Environment.

Amy Myers Jaffe is a leading expert on the geopolitics of oil and gas and energy security and is an influential thought leader on global energy policy and sustainability. Jaffe is managing director of the Climate Policy Lab and research professor at Tufts University Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Previously, she was director of the program on energy Security and Climate Change for the Council on Foreign Relations, and served as chair of the Future of Oil & Gas at the World Economic Forum. 
A frequent keynote speaker at major energy industry and investment conferences and board of directors meetings, Jaffe is a widely quoted commentator on energy and the environment in international media who has provided testimony on Capital Hill. Jaffe appears regularly on a variety of television and print media, including CNN, PBS New Hour, FOX, Al-Jazeera TV, MSNBC, National Public Radio, the Wall Street Journal and the Financial Times of London. Her writings have been featured by the New York Times, Dow Jones International, and Petroleum Intelligence Weekly. She has a regular blog at the Houston Chronicle and is a contributor on energy and climate change to the Wall Street Journal's blog The Experts.
Jaffe is a member of the National Petroleum Council and serves as an advisory board member of GE Ecoimagination and as a technical committee member on shale gas for the Union of Concerned Scientists. A contributor to Foreign Policy magazine's "21 Solutions to Save the World" and recipient of the Award for Excellence in Energy Writing by the International Association for Energy Economics, Jaffe was named to Esquire's annual 100 Best and Brightest and Elle Magazine's Women for the Environment.

Bio: Amy Jaffe, Research Professor and Managing Director of the Climate Policy Lab, Tufts University

Bio: Ed Morse,  Global Head of Commodities Research at Citi Ed Morse is Managing Director and Global Head of Commodities Research at Citi, and held similar positions at Lehman Brothers and Credit Suisse. He has taught at Princeton, Columbia and Johns Hopkins universities, worked as the Council on Foreign Relations, served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Energy Policy, and in management at Phillips Petroleum. A co-founder of PFC Energy, a former publisher of "Petroleum Intelligence Weekly", he also worked at Hess Energy Trading Company. Among his consulting experiences has been designing Yemen's oil pricing policy and consulting for the UN Security Council on the design and negotiation of the Oil-for-Food Program for Iraq. Morse frequently writes guest editorials for The Financial Times, New York Times, Wall Street Journal and Washington Post and often is a commentator for Bloomberg TV and CNBC. He serves on advisory boards at Columbia and Princeton Universities and the business school at the University of Colorado. He is a Senior Fellow of both the USAEE and the IEEJ and in 2018 was named by Petroleum Economist in its inaugural “Global Energy Elite” issue as among the ten most prominent individuals in energy banking and finance. 

Ed Morse is Managing Director and Global Head of Commodities Research at Citi, and held similar positions at Lehman Brothers and Credit Suisse. He has taught at Princeton, Columbia and Johns Hopkins universities, worked as the Council on Foreign Relations, served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Energy Policy, and in management at Phillips Petroleum. A co-founder of PFC Energy, a former publisher of "Petroleum Intelligence Weekly", he also worked at Hess Energy Trading Company. Among his consulting experiences has been designing Yemen's oil pricing policy and consulting for the UN Security Council on the design and negotiation of the Oil-for-Food Program for Iraq. Morse frequently writes guest editorials for The Financial Times, New York Times, Wall Street Journal and Washington Post and often is a commentator for Bloomberg TV and CNBC. He serves on advisory boards at Columbia and Princeton Universities and the business school at the University of Colorado. He is a Senior Fellow of both the USAEE and the IEEJ and in 2018 was named by Petroleum Economist in its inaugural “Global Energy Elite” issue as among the ten most prominent individuals in energy banking and finance. 

Bio: Ed Morse,  Global Head of Commodities Research at Citi

Global climate change is undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges we face in the 21st century. Achieving global carbon neutrality, or “net zero,” will require a major energy transition – one that’s far easier said than done. What inventive new technologies will be needed to facilitate energy transition? Today, we’re learning how global institutions can help to enable urgent, climate-focused adaptations – sooner, rather than later. In this episode, we chat with Dr. Ed Morse, Citi’s Global Head of Commodity Research, and Amy Jaffe, Managing Director of the Climate Policy Lab at Tufts University, to learn about the intersection of climate science, policy, and finance, and how those guiding the energy transition are designing systems that put wellbeing first, for people and the planet. Related Report: Citi GPS: Energy Transition - Gaining Momentum on the Path to Net Zero The views expressed herein are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of Citigroup Global Markets Inc. or its affiliates. All opinions are subject to change without notice. Neither the information provided nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. The expressions of opinion are not intended to be a forecast of future events or a guarantee of future results. Citibank N.A. and Amy Jaffe are not affiliated and are independent to each other. The speakers views are their own and may not necessarily reflect the views of Citi or any of its affiliates. Bio: Amy Jaffe, Research Professor and Managing Director of the Climate Policy Lab, Tufts University Amy Myers Jaffe is a leading expert on the geopolitics of oil and gas and energy security and is an influential thought leader on global energy policy and sustainability. Jaffe is managing director of the Climate Policy Lab and research professor at Tufts University Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Previously, she was director of the program on energy Security and Climate Change for the Council on Foreign Relations, and served as chair of the Future of Oil & Gas at the World Economic Forum. 
A frequent keynote speaker at major energy industry and investment conferences and board of directors meetings, Jaffe is a widely quoted commentator on energy and the environment in international media who has provided testimony on Capital Hill. Jaffe appears regularly on a variety of television and print media, including CNN, PBS New Hour, FOX, Al-Jazeera TV, MSNBC, National Public Radio, the Wall Street Journal and the Financial Times of London. Her writings have been featured by the New York Times, Dow Jones International, and Petroleum Intelligence Weekly. She has a regular blog at the Houston Chronicle and is a contributor on energy and climate change to the Wall Street Journal's blog The Experts.
Jaffe is a member of the National Petroleum Council and serves as an advisory board member of GE Ecoimagination and as a technical committee member on shale gas for the Union of Concerned Scientists. A contributor to Foreign Policy magazine's "21 Solutions to Save the World" and recipient of the Award for Excellence in Energy Writing by the International Association for Energy Economics, Jaffe was named to Esquire's annual 100 Best and Brightest and Elle Magazine's Women for the Environment. Bio: Ed Morse,  Global Head of Commodities Research at Citi Ed Morse is Managing Director and Global Head of Commodities Research at Citi, and held similar positions at Lehman Brothers and Credit Suisse. He has taught at Princeton, Columbia and Johns Hopkins universities, worked as the Council on Foreign Relations, served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Energy Policy, and in management at Phillips Petroleum. A co-founder of PFC Energy, a former publisher of "Petroleum Intelligence Weekly", he also worked at Hess Energy Trading Company. Among his consulting experiences has been designing Yemen's oil pricing policy and consulting for the UN Security Council on the design and negotiation of the Oil-for-Food Program for Iraq. Morse frequently writes guest editorials for The Financial Times, New York Times, Wall Street Journal and Washington Post and often is a commentator for Bloomberg TV and CNBC. He serves on advisory boards at Columbia and Princeton Universities and the business school at the University of Colorado. He is a Senior Fellow of both the USAEE and the IEEJ and in 2018 was named by Petroleum Economist in its inaugural “Global Energy Elite” issue as among the ten most prominent individuals in energy banking and finance. 

Season 2

Global climate change is undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges we face in the 21st century. Achieving global carbon neutrality, or “net zero,” will require a major energy transition – one that’s far easier said than done. What inventive new technologies will be needed to facilitate energy transition? Today, we’re learning how global institutions can help to enable urgent, climate-focused adaptations – sooner, rather than later.

Good Things Happen Episode 3: Innovation in Energy

Supporting women entrepreneurs and women-led businesses is not just the right thing to do socially, it is one of the smartest things that governments, corporations and the finance community could do economically. Yet, around the world, women entrepreneurs still face barriers to starting and growing their businesses. 
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In 2022, we published a Citi GPS report, <a style="text-decoration: underline;" href="https://ir.citi.com/gps/BEmj0x3B9xI9lV1askcQ4i82kPQxePoOBbUjMQcA4UMMKvopj0lLpx5N9SKEpOiBewaKKUK7F7I%3D" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-link-source="tiny">Women Entrepreneurs: Catalyzing Growth, Innovation, and Equality</a>, which found that closing the gender gap in business growth globally could add up to $2.3 trillion to global GDP (or a 3% increase), create up to 433 million jobs, and unleash an untapped pool of talent and innovation to address global challenges. 
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In this curated series of conversations, we highlight some of the women building successful businesses across sectors and in different regions to learn from their experiences. Our experts will explore the challenges women entrepreneurs still face, what is needed to better support them, and the significant economic opportunity that empowered women entrepreneurs present. 
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Jacqueline Heard, co-founder Enko Chem, talks to Citi&rsquo;s Adam Bergman about disrupting the crop protection sector, helping farmers control pests and disease while focusing on crop health, and supporting productivity and sustainability.

Women Entrepreneurs: In conversation with Enko Chem 

Supporting women entrepreneurs and women-led businesses is not just the right thing to do socially, it is one of the smartest things that governments, corporations and the finance community could do economically. Yet, around the world, women entrepreneurs still face barriers to starting and growing their businesses.

Women Entrepreneurs Series

Download Report

Although, broadly speaking, Africa rode out the pandemic-related economic crisis relatively well, with growth slowing much less than most economists forecast, the crisis has brought to a head many issues that were already emerging. Notably, following COVID-19, and then the rise in international interest rates, the widening fiscal deficits have proved hard to fund and led to defaults in Zambia and Ghana. But COVID-19 also highlighted the ongoing resilience of the growth story in Africa, which seems to have firmly put a floor on growth in many countries. The pandemic also underscored the importance of the informal sector as a safety net for many individuals and households across the continent. Not only has growth held up remarkably well, but there has been no wider spreading of defaults either. Yet the challenge facing the continent’s policymakers in the short term is clear: the need to narrow fiscal deficits. At present, this is set to be achieved under a new wave of International Monetary Fund (IMF) programs, which we have broadly dubbed the “New Age of Fiscal Austerity.” Unlike in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the new wave of IMF programs is not based on cutting spending; in fact, spending on health and education will be preserved. Instead, fiscal consolidation is largely driven by raising revenue. A key element of this will be taxing the informal sector. Coupled with this is the challenge to formulate new exchange rate policies in an era of higher global interest rates. It is also worth highlighting that after the last wave of defaults across Africa in the mid-1990s, better fiscal discipline and more flexible exchange rate regimes ushered in a strong pickup in growth, eventually encapsulated in the “Africa Rising” story. We think that at the time the hype around this story was overplayed, but that does not mean that there were not many real elements to it that still have important implications about how Africa will grow and develop going forward, or which we think will be the key elements of a “New Growth Model” for Africa. For a “New Growth Model” to emerge, however, African governments, and the private sector are going to have to work together to take advantage of the continent’s favorable demographics, technological developments, and a changing world economy. At the same time, it is critical to avoid getting caught up in a new hype and forgetting the importance of developing foundational infrastructure. There is an argument that politics could yet undermine such a “New Growth Model” playing out. While we accept that politics can be a constraint on development, we suspect that if the story is to play out as we hope, more African governments will simply have to get serious about economic growth and development as their central political and policy concerns. Finally, it is important to bear in mind that development does require clear politics and policy, but also has an element of luck. Moreover, it is perhaps a much more gradual process than is often popularly perceived. Africa has changed vastly in the last 50 years and will continue to change. The challenge for policymakers, facing young and demanding populations, is to try and speed up the process.

Although, broadly speaking, Africa rode out the pandemic-related economic crisis relatively well, with growth slowing much less than most economists forecast, the crisis has brought to a head many issues that were already emerging. Notably, following COVID-19, and then the rise in international interest rates, the widening fiscal deficits have proved hard to fund and led to defaults in Zambia and Ghana.
But COVID-19 also highlighted the ongoing resilience of the growth story in Africa, which seems to have firmly put a floor on growth in many countries. The pandemic also underscored the importance of the informal sector as a safety net for many individuals and households across the continent. Not only has growth held up remarkably well, but there has been no wider spreading of defaults either. Yet the challenge facing the continent&rsquo;s policymakers in the short term is clear: the need to narrow fiscal deficits. At present, this is set to be achieved under a new wave of International Monetary Fund (IMF) programs, which we have broadly dubbed the &ldquo;New Age of Fiscal Austerity.&rdquo;
Unlike in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the new wave of IMF programs is not based on cutting spending; in fact, spending on health and education will be preserved. Instead, fiscal consolidation is largely driven by raising revenue. A key element of this will be taxing the informal sector. Coupled with this is the challenge to formulate new exchange rate policies in an era of higher global interest rates.
It is also worth highlighting that after the last wave of defaults across Africa in the mid-1990s, better fiscal discipline and more flexible exchange rate regimes ushered in a strong pickup in growth, eventually encapsulated in the &ldquo;Africa Rising&rdquo; story. We think that at the time the hype around this story was overplayed, but that does not mean that there were not many real elements to it that still have important implications about how Africa will grow and develop going forward, or which we think will be the key elements of a &ldquo;New Growth Model&rdquo; for Africa.
For a &ldquo;New Growth Model&rdquo; to emerge, however, African governments, and the private sector are going to have to work together to take advantage of the continent&rsquo;s favorable demographics, technological developments, and a changing world economy. At the same time, it is critical to avoid getting caught up in a new hype and forgetting the importance of developing foundational infrastructure.
There is an argument that politics could yet undermine such a &ldquo;New Growth Model&rdquo; playing out. While we accept that politics can be a constraint on development, we suspect that if the story is to play out as we hope, more African governments will simply have to get serious about economic growth and development as their central political and policy concerns.
Finally, it is important to bear in mind that development does require clear politics and policy, but also has an element of luck. Moreover, it is perhaps a much more gradual process than is often popularly perceived. Africa has changed vastly in the last 50 years and will continue to change. The challenge for policymakers, facing young and demanding populations, is to try and speed up the process.

African Economies Have Unique Strengths… African economies have shown comparative resilience in the face of shocks such as the Global Financial Crisis and COVID-19 pandemic. This suggests their dependence on the informal and agricultural sectors is not always a negative. In our view, it implies a clear growth floor for most of the continent.

African economies have shown comparative resilience in the face of shocks such as the Global Financial Crisis and COVID-19 pandemic. This suggests their dependence on the informal and agricultural sectors is not always a negative. In our view, it implies a clear growth floor for most of the continent.

African Economies Have Unique Strengths…

…and Vulnerabilities The fiscal positions of many African countries were deteriorating before 2020, but low interest rates incentivized further excessive borrowing. Africa&rsquo;s key policy battles in the coming years look set to center on improving fiscal discipline while also making exchange rate policy more flexible.

The fiscal positions of many African countries were deteriorating before 2020, but low interest rates incentivized further excessive borrowing. Africa&rsquo;s key policy battles in the coming years look set to center on improving fiscal discipline while also making exchange rate policy more flexible.

…and Vulnerabilities

Can Growth by Trumped by Demographic Challenges? It is uncertain whether Africa will be able to create the jobs necessary to absorb the inevitable rise in its labor force due to its rapidly growing population. On the other hand, aging populations elsewhere may create an historically unprecedented opportunity for the continent to become a global supplier of labor.

It is uncertain whether Africa will be able to create the jobs necessary to absorb the inevitable rise in its labor force due to its rapidly growing population. On the other hand, aging populations elsewhere may create an historically unprecedented opportunity for the continent to become a global supplier of labor.

Can Growth by Trumped by Demographic Challenges?

A New Growth Model We identify the following strategies &mdash; all, of course, easier said than done &mdash;for African economies to maintain stable growth and improve their fiscal positioning:

We identify the following strategies &mdash; all, of course, easier said than done &mdash;for African economies to maintain stable growth and improve their fiscal positioning:

A New Growth Model

Although, broadly speaking, Africa rode out the pandemic-related economic crisis relatively well, with growth slowing much less than most economists forecast, the crisis has brought to a head many issues that were already emerging. Notably, following COVID-19, and then the rise in international interest rates, the widening fiscal deficits have proved hard to fund and led to defaults in Zambia and Ghana. But COVID-19 also highlighted the ongoing resilience of the growth story in Africa, which seems to have firmly put a floor on growth in many countries. The pandemic also underscored the importance of the informal sector as a safety net for many individuals and households across the continent. Not only has growth held up remarkably well, but there has been no wider spreading of defaults either. Yet the challenge facing the continent’s policymakers in the short term is clear: the need to narrow fiscal deficits. At present, this is set to be achieved under a new wave of International Monetary Fund (IMF) programs, which we have broadly dubbed the “New Age of Fiscal Austerity.” Unlike in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the new wave of IMF programs is not based on cutting spending; in fact, spending on health and education will be preserved. Instead, fiscal consolidation is largely driven by raising revenue. A key element of this will be taxing the informal sector. Coupled with this is the challenge to formulate new exchange rate policies in an era of higher global interest rates. It is also worth highlighting that after the last wave of defaults across Africa in the mid-1990s, better fiscal discipline and more flexible exchange rate regimes ushered in a strong pickup in growth, eventually encapsulated in the “Africa Rising” story. We think that at the time the hype around this story was overplayed, but that does not mean that there were not many real elements to it that still have important implications about how Africa will grow and develop going forward, or which we think will be the key elements of a “New Growth Model” for Africa. For a “New Growth Model” to emerge, however, African governments, and the private sector are going to have to work together to take advantage of the continent’s favorable demographics, technological developments, and a changing world economy. At the same time, it is critical to avoid getting caught up in a new hype and forgetting the importance of developing foundational infrastructure. There is an argument that politics could yet undermine such a “New Growth Model” playing out. While we accept that politics can be a constraint on development, we suspect that if the story is to play out as we hope, more African governments will simply have to get serious about economic growth and development as their central political and policy concerns. Finally, it is important to bear in mind that development does require clear politics and policy, but also has an element of luck. Moreover, it is perhaps a much more gradual process than is often popularly perceived. Africa has changed vastly in the last 50 years and will continue to change. The challenge for policymakers, facing young and demanding populations, is to try and speed up the process. African Economies Have Unique Strengths… African economies have shown comparative resilience in the face of shocks such as the Global Financial Crisis and COVID-19 pandemic. This suggests their dependence on the informal and agricultural sectors is not always a negative. In our view, it implies a clear growth floor for most of the continent. …and Vulnerabilities The fiscal positions of many African countries were deteriorating before 2020, but low interest rates incentivized further excessive borrowing. Africa&rsquo;s key policy battles in the coming years look set to center on improving fiscal discipline while also making exchange rate policy more flexible. Can Growth by Trumped by Demographic Challenges? It is uncertain whether Africa will be able to create the jobs necessary to absorb the inevitable rise in its labor force due to its rapidly growing population. On the other hand, aging populations elsewhere may create an historically unprecedented opportunity for the continent to become a global supplier of labor. A New Growth Model We identify the following strategies &mdash; all, of course, easier said than done &mdash;for African economies to maintain stable growth and improve their fiscal positioning:

When we wrote about Africa in 2015, the story was "Africa Rising." But with a sharp pull back in commodity prices since then and rising fiscal deficits, then COVID-19, the trajectory of growth and debt deteriorated. What is the new growth model for Africa? We look at the medium and longer-term growth prospects for Africa, including its population conundrum and whether agriculture and services can drive a new African growth model as well as the infrastructure and power challenge as well as the developments in financing.

Africa

In this curated series of conversations organized by Citi and Lean In Equity & Sustainability, we focus on women building successful businesses in Clean Energy and Climate Solutions. Despite making up 39% of the global labor force, women only account for 16% of the traditional energy sector. Closing this gender gap to fully include women in the Clean Energy sector's technical, scientific, and business development is critical in ensuring a sustainable transition. Lean In Equity & Sustainability is an independent gender diversity and inclusion initiative operating under the LeanIn.Org umbrella.

In this curated series of conversations organized by Citi and Lean In Equity &amp; Sustainability, we focus on women building successful businesses in Clean Energy and Climate Solutions. Despite making up 39% of the global labor force, women only account for 16% of the traditional energy sector. Closing this gender gap to fully include women in the Clean Energy sector's technical, scientific, and business development is critical in ensuring a sustainable transition.
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Lean In Equity &amp; Sustainability is an independent gender diversity and inclusion initiative operating under the LeanIn.Org umbrella.

Michelle Lingham, Founder of The Solar Power Café talks to Liz Curmi, Head of Climate Finance and Energy Transition for Citi Global Insights, about delivering renewable energy solutions in South Africa. 